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Of considerable concern in Europe is a decline in male semen quality and an associated decrease in fertility. There have also been reports of increased incidence of physical defects of male reproductive organs in newborns. These perturbations in reproductive health, as well as increased incidence of hormone-dependent cancers, may be due to disruption of hormonal signaling in the womb.

Environmental chemicals may contribute to disruption of signaling pathways in the fetus and thereby be involved in the causation of these disorders. At present, individual substances cannot be shown to contribute to adverse effects at relevant exposure levels, however, people are typically exposed to multiple chemicals simultaneous15/03/11hat combinations of chemicals may play a cumulative role, for example, associations between malformations in boys and estrogenic load in mothers’ placentas have been reported. Adverse health effects in boys were also linked to widely used plasticisers, pesticides and other environmental chemicals found in mothers’ milk and urine. However, more information is needed to substantiate these findings.  

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